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Facts > Pagan Ideas > Eternal Life |
Savior gods—Paganism had 'em first |
"O
Hermes, guardian of my father's realms,
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Was Christianity new? Was christianity unique? Let's talk about the pagan idea of saviors—savior Gods and savior people. By now you're an advanced student. The purpose here is not to bring up another Pagan-Christian similarity as much as it is to let you use your advanced understanding of Christian origins to see a new and better way to think about this old Christian idea. I know an intelligent person such as yourself knows Jesus is The Savior. I'm guessing that, like me, if you ever thought about where that idea came from, you sort of figured Jesus saves people from death and sends them to Heaven, and that's where the name/ title The Savior comes from. |
Some of the bible sure makes it sound that way: >> |
Philippians 3:20 |
NT Philippians (author unknown) Chapter 3 (2d century AD?), which you can read at Perseus. |
The category Soter, σωτηρ.
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When an ancient person said "savior," they didn't mean the same thing we do. Drs. Liddel, Scott and Jones turned their giant brains on the ancient word "soter," and summarized the ancients' idea this way (to read the original, follow link, click on "LSJ") |
Saviors "saved" people not from eternal death, but from lots of stuff. Soter meant "helper," or "aiderer" |
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A. saviour, deliverer,
c. gen. of person etc. saved; |
Zeus was widely referred to as Zeus the Savior |
2. epithet of Zeus, etc., to whom persons after a safe voyage offered sacrifice, there was often a temple of Zeus Soter at harbours, e.g. the Piraeus, |
To Zeus Soter the third cup of wine was dedicated, to drink this cup became a symbol of good luck, and the third time came to mean the lucky time, whence the proverb το τριτον τω σωτηρι the third (i.e. the lucky) time, |
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and Zeus was himself called "the third savior" |
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This is the money phrase for understanding the ancient idea soter. The term was applied generally to "guardian or tutelary gods," with tutelary meaning Gods who helped people. Helping people was something lots of Gods did; there were lots of savior gods. |
b. Epithet of other gods, as of Apollo, Hermes, Asclepios, the Dioscuri, even with female deities—generally, of guardian or tutelary gods, |
Kings were called savior. "Ptolemy the Savior," like that. |
3. Applied
to rulers, viz. Ptolemy
IV Philopator, Antiochos
Soter, and Roman Emperors or governors, |
Pagan people
called their Gods "Savior." |
4. in LXX [Septuagint = Greek version of Old Testament] (Yahweh) and NT (Jesus), applied to God II. in Poets, as Adj., …. |
III. name of a month created by Caligula, |
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Greek-English Lexicon, Henry George Liddell & Robert Scott, which you can read at Perseus. |
Soter, σωτηρ
examples. |
The ancients called lots of gods "Savior." |
Zeus our Savior |
Aeacus: By Zeus
our Savior (Δια
τον σωτηρα),
a real gentleman is your master. |
Aristophanes, Frogs lines 738-40 (405 BC), which you can read at Perseus. |
Savior Zeus |
When Hercules heard that, he went to Tiryns and did as he was bid by Eurystheus. First, Eurystheus ordered him to bring the skin of the Nemean lion; now that was an invulnerable beast begotten by Typhon. On his way to attack the lion he came to Cleonae and lodged at the house of a day-laborer, Molorchus; and when his host would have offered a victim in sacrifice, Hercules told him to wait for thirty days, and then, if he had returned safe from the hunt, to sacrifice to Savior Zeus [Διι σωτηρι], but if he were dead, to sacrifice to him as to a hero. And having come to Nemea and tracked the lion, he first shot an arrow at him, but when he perceived that the beast was invulnerable, he heaved up his club and made after him. And when the lion took refuge in a cave with two mouths, Hercules built up the one entrance and came in upon the beast through the other, and putting his arm round its neck held it tight till he had choked it; so laying it on his shoulders he carried it to Cleonae. And finding Molorchus on the last of the thirty days about to sacrifice the victim to him as to a dead man, he sacrificed to Savior Zeus [σωτηρι θυσας Διι] and brought the lion to Mycenae. |
Apollodorus of Athens, Library 2.5 (2d century BC - 2d century AD?). |
Hermes my Savior. |
Aeschylus: “Subterranean Hermes, guardian of my father's realms, Become my savior [σωτηρ] and my ally, in answer to my prayer. For I am come and do return to this my land.” |
Aristophanes, Frogs, 1119 (405 BC), which you can read at Perseus. |
Pallas Athena the savior saves me. |
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Aeschylus, Eumenides 744 (458 BC). Which you can read at Perseus. |
In describing the mysteries of Eleusis, goddess is identified as SAVIOR goddess. |
In regard to interrogation, its employment is especially opportune, when the opponent has already stated the opposite, so that the addition of a question makes the result an absurdity; as, for instance, when Pericles interrogated Lampon about initiation into the sacred rites of the savior goddess (των της σωτεριας ιερων). On Lampon replying that it was not possible for one who was not initiated to be told about them, Pericles asked him if he himself was acquainted with the rites, and when he said yes, Pericles further asked, “How can that be, seeing that you are uninitiated?” |
Aristotle, Rhetoric Book 3, Chapter 18 (4th century BC), which you can read at Perseus. |
Artemis the Savoir |
[2] Not far from this fountain is an ancient sanctuary, and in our day likenesses stand in it of Roman emperors, and a bronze image is there of Artemis surnamed Saviour [Σωτειρας]. There is a story that a detachment of the army of Mardonius, having over run Megaris, wished to return to Mardonius at Thebes, but that by the will of Artemis night came on them as they marched, and missing their way they turned into the hilly region. Trying to find out whether there was a hostile force near they shot some missiles. The rock near groaned when struck, and they shot again with greater eagerness, [3] until at last they used up all their arrows thinking that they were shooting at the enemy. When the day broke, the Megarians attacked, and being men in armour fighting against men without armour who no longer had even a supply of missiles, they killed the greater number of their opponents. For this reason they had an image made of Artemis Saviour [Σωτειρας]. |
Pausanias, Description of Greece 1.40 (2d century AD), which you can read at Perseus. |
People who helped people were also Saviors. |
Demetrius |
[47] Demetrius came before the Senate again and asked at all events to be released as a hostage, since he had been given as a substitute for Antiochus, who was now dead. When his request was not granted he escaped secretly by boat. As the Syrians received him gladly, he ascended the throne after having put Lysias to death and the boy with him. He removed Heraclides from office and killed Timarchus, who rebelled and who had administered the government of Babylon badly in other respects. For this he received the surname of Soter [σωτηρ] (the Protector), which was first bestowed upon him by the Babylonians. |
Appian of Alexandria, History of Rome, Syrian War, Chapter 8.47 (2d century AD), which you can read at Perseus. |
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[7]
“Well,” answered Cyrus,
“it is obvious that just as soon as the wings
now advancing in column get directly opposite the flanks
of our army, they will face about so as to form front
and then advance upon us from all three sides simultaneously…
For in this way we shall best throw the enemy into confusion
and then fall upon them. And I also shall be there as
soon as I can, please God, to join in the pursuit.”
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Xenophon, Cyropaedia 7.1 (4th century BC), which you can read at Perseus. |
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[4]
Gelon
treated all men fairly, primarily because that
was his disposition, but not the least motive was that
he was eager to make all men his own by acts of goodwill.
For instance, he was making ready to sail to Greece
with a large force and to join the Greeks in their war
against the Persians. |
Diodorus Siculus, Library 11.26 (1st century BC), which you can read at Perseus. |
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When Phaeon was archon in Athens, in Rome the consulship was taken over by Lucius Furius Mediolanus and Marcus Manilius Vaso. During this year a great and incredible catastrophe befell the Lacedaemonians; for great earthquakes occurred in Sparta, and as a result the houses collapsed from their foundations and more than twenty thousand Lacedaemonians perished. [2] And since the tumbling down of the city and the falling in of the houses continued uninterruptedly over a long period, many persons were caught and crushed in the collapse of the walls and no little household property was ruined by the quake. [3] And although they suffered this disaster because some god, as it were, was wreaking his anger upon them, it so happened that other dangers befell them at the hands of men for the following reasons. [4] The Helots and Messenians, although enemies of the Lacedaemonians, had remained quiet up to this time, since they stood in fear of the eminent position and power of Sparta; but when they observed that the larger part of them had perished because of the earthquake, they held in contempt the survivors, who were few. Consequently they came to an agreement with each other and joined together in the war against the Lacedaemonians. [5] The king of the Lacedaemonians, Archidamus, by his personal foresight not only was the savior of his fellow citizens [κατα τον σεισμον εσωζε] even during the earthquake, but in the course of the war also he bravely fought the aggressors. [6] For instance, when the terrible earthquake struck Sparta, he was the first Spartan to seize his armour and hasten from the city into the country, calling upon the other citizens to follow his example. [7] The Spartans obeyed him and thus those who survived the shock were saved [εσωθησαν] |
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Diodorus Siculus, Library (Diodorus Siculus) 11.63 (1st century BC), which you can read at Perseus. |
Kings were called "Savior." |
Antiochus I Soter =. "Antiochus the Savior", was a king of the Seleucid Empire from 281 BC – 261 BC. |
the Maeander (river)… rises in a hill called Celaenae, on which there is a city which hears the same name as the hill; and it was from Celaenae that Antiochus Soter [ὁ Σωτηρ Αντιοχος] made the inhabitants move to the present Apameia. |
Strabo, Geography 12.8 (1st century AD), which you can read at Perseus. |
Jews called Yahweh "Savior" |
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Hosea 13 |
Old Testament Hosea 13, which you can read at Perseus. |
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In the three and twentieth year of Joash the son of Ahaziah, king of Judah, Jehoahaz the son of Jehu began to reign over Israel in Samaria, [and reigned] seventeen years. [2] He did that which was evil in the sight of Yahweh, and followed the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, with which he made Israel to sin; he didn't depart from it. [3] The anger of Yahweh was kindled against Israel, and he delivered them into the hand of Hazael king of Syria, and into the hand of Benhadad the son of Hazael, continually. [4] Jehoahaz begged Yahweh, and Yahweh listened to him; for he saw the oppression of Israel, how that the king of Syria oppressed them. [5] Yahweh gave Israel a savior [σωτηριαν], so that they went out from under the hand of the Syrians; and the children of Israel lived in their tents as before. |
2 Kings Chapter 13 (author unknown), which you can read at Perseus. |
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[1]
David spoke to Yahweh
the words of this song in the day that Yahweh delivered
him out of the hand of all his enemies, and out of the
hand of Saul: |
Old Testament, 2 Samuel, Chapter 22. |
The 1st century Jewish writer Josephus understood the term "Savior" as referring to helper-kings |
Ptolemy Soter, 367 BC – c. 283 BC was a Macedonian general under Alexander the Great, and ruler of Egypt from 323 BC – 283 BC. |
[11] WHEN Alexander had reigned twelve years, and after him Ptolemy Soter [Πτολεμαιου του Σωτηρος] forty years, Philadelphus then took the kingdom of Egypt, and held it forty years within one. He procured the law to be interpreted, and set free those that were come from Jerusalem into Egypt, and were in slavery there, who were a hundred and twenty thousand. |
Titus Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 12.11 (1st century AD), which you can read at Perseus. |
Seleucus Soter V 3.0, also called Seleucus Ceraunus, ca. 243 BC – 223 BC, was a ruler of the Seleucid Kingdom |
At this time Seleucus, who was called Soter [Σελευκος ὁ Σωτηρ], reigned over Asia, being the son of Antiochus the Great. And [now] Hyrcanus's father, Joseph, died. He was a good man, and of great magnanimity; and brought the Jews out of a state of poverty and meanness, to one that was more splendid. |
Titus Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 12.223 (1st century AD), which you can read at Perseus. |
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[218]
Now a little while after Demetrius had been carried
into captivity, Trypho his governor destroyed Antiochus,
the son of Alexander, who was also called The God [σοτηρ],
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Titus Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 13.218 (1st century AD), which you can read at Perseus. |
The next time you're
in Church When they get to the part about Jesus being a Savior, remember Zeus, Artemis, Hermes, Aesclepius, Ptolemy and all the other ancient saviors. You'll know you're hearing about stuff that predated Christianity by thousands of years—in a culture where over and over people built new religions out of old parts. Wow! |