The ancients didn't have televangelists, but that's only because they didn't have teles. What they did have, like us, was charismatic flim-flam fellows who made a big living preying on the faith of believers. In the middle of the 100s AD, out along the south coast of the Black Sea, a handsome smooth-talker named Alexander got rich inventing a new God, Glycon, and setting up a prophetic oracle to Him. The whole thing is recorded for us first-hand, by a skeptic named Lucian of Samosata.

Lucian, who went to Glycon's oracle, and spoke with Alexander, and tested his prophetic power, leaves no doubt that Alexander was a con man who made up a new God specifically to fit the religious beliefs of the faithful—so he could take their money. It worked. Alexander got rich. Glycon worship spread around the near east and into sophisticated aristocratic circles in Rome. Glycon gives us a picture of what a God looked like when He was specifically made up to fit the religious ideas of ancient culture.

Glycon was the son of the God Apollo, who ...
... came to Earth through a miraculous birth,
... was the Earthly manifestation of divinity,
... came to earth in fulfillment of divine prophecy,
... gave his chief believer the power of prophecy,
... gave believers the power to speak in tongues,
... performed miracles,
... healed the sick,
... raised the dead.

Now, nobody supposes Jesus was a xerox copy of Glycon. And like you, I know Glycon was a phony, made up God. That's the point. Glycon was made up to fit the religious stereotypes of his age. What we're going to do is turn the works around. We're going to start with Glycon, and find in Him exactly what the stereotypes were. Then we'll see how those stereotypes line up with our Jesus stories.

POCM's point is that there is no comprehensive, consistent analysis of the ancient evidence that can conclude anything other than that, like the Glycon stories, our Jesus stories—the prophecy fulfilling, miraculously born Son of God, who healed the sick, raised the dead, and gave his believers the power of prophecy and speaking in tongues—like the Glycon stories, our Jesus stories were also made up to fit the religious stereotypes of the age. See the pages under the Borrowing tab for details.

Alexander began his ministry by faking a prophecy. At the temple of Apollo he buried bronze tablets prophesying the arrival in Abnoteichus of the Earthly manifestation of Asclepius, the son of the God Apollo  >>

It's easy to see why Alexander made up a prophecy. The ancients believed in prophecy. As soon as the bronze tablets were "discovered," folks in Abnoteichus got so excited about the coming manifestation of God that they right away started to build Him a temple.  >>

...Alexander won, and going to Chalcedon, since after all that city seemed to them to have some usefulness, in the temple of Apollo, which is the most ancient in Chalcedon, they buried bronze tablets which said that very soon Asclepius, with his father Apollo, would move to Pontus and take up his residence at Abnoteichus. The opportune discovery of these tablets caused this story to spread quickly to all Bithynia and Pontus, and to Abnoteichus sooner than anywhere else. Indeed, the people of that city immediately voted to build a temple and began at once to dig for the foundations.

Glycon was a God, and his prophet was divine too. Alexander was a divine descendent of the God Perseus   >>

A fact confirmed by the oracle.   >>

And proven by they Sibyl's prophecy     >>

It was Alexander who was sent in first; he now wore his hair long, had falling ringlets, dressed in a parti - colored tunic of white and purple, with a white cloak over it, and carried a falchion like that of Perseus, from whom he claimed descent on his mother's side. And although those miserable Paphlagonians knew that both his parents were obscure, humble folk, they believed the oracle when it said :

"Here in your sight is a scion of Perseus, dear unto Phoebus ;
This is divine Alexander, who shareth the blood of the Healer!"

[page 191] ....An oracle by now had turned up which purported to be a prior prediction by the Sibyl :
"On the shores of the Euxine sea, in the neighborhood of Sinope,
There shall be born, by a Tower, in the days of the Romans, a prophet;
After the foremost unit and three times tell, he will shew forth
Five more units besides, and a score told three times over,
Matching, with places four, the name of a valiant defender !

You got that? The con man Alexander made up a God designed to look real to the faithful. Back then religious people believed:

Gods came to Earth. The God Glycon was the Earthly manifestation of Asclepius, and the Son of the God, Apollo.

Men, normal men, could be—were—divine. Alexander was the divine descendent of the God.

Prophecy was widely and fervently believed.

That's how ancient religions worked. When you made up a new religion, these are the things you included.

Nothing about Christianity was new or unique. Christianity was a product of its place and time.

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Miracles 

Glycon's big power, which he passed along to His priest Alexander, was prophecy.     >>

The reason Alexander chose that miracle power was that's where the money was.     >>

Although Glycon and his prophet Alexander had other powers too. Stuff like healing the sick and raising the dead.     >>

[Chapter 22] Well, as I say, Alexander made predictions and gave oracles, employing great shrewdness in it and combining guesswork with his trickery. ....

[Chapter 23] A price had been fixed for each oracle, a drachma and two obols. I do not think that it was low, my friend, or that the revenue from this source was scanty! He gleaned as much as seventy or eighty thousand a year, since men were so greedy as to send in ten and fifteen questions each.

[Chapter 24] By now he was even sending men abroad to create rumors in the different nations in regard to the oracle and to say that he made predictions, discovered fugitive slaves, detected thieves and robbers, caused treasures to be dug up, healed the sick, and in some cases had actually raised the dead.

The con man Alexander made up a God designed to look real to the faithful. Back then religious people believed Gods had special powers, so they did miracles.

Glycon and his prophet had the power to do miracles. Stuff like making and fulfilling prophesy, healing the sick, raising the dead.

Sound familiar? I thought so.

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Alexander asked for Gods' heavenly blessing.      >>

[Chapter 49] As by this time throngs upon throngs were pouring in and their city was becoming overcrowded on account of the multitude of visitors to the shrine, so that it had not sufficient provisions, he devised [page 239] the so-called "nocturnal " responses. Taking the scrolls, he slept on them, so he said, and gave replies that he pretended to have heard from the god in a dream ; which, however, were in most cases not clear but ambiguous

The con man Alexander made up a God designed to look real to the faithful. Back then religious people believed Gods spoke to people in magic dreams. Dreams like, say, the one in ...

... our Gospel of Matthew (1:18 ff), where God's angel appears to Joseph and speaks in concise detail "Matthew" is somehow able to quote word for word. Joseph wakes up, follows the instructions the God gave in the dream, and things turn out swell.

Nothing about Christianity was new or unique. Christianity was a product of its place and time.

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Divine possession.

When he invented Glycon and became his prophet, Alexander pretended fits of madness to prove his supernatural possession. by the new God,     >>

which, Lucian confirms, persuaded the locals.     >>

Alexander reinforced the idea by imitating the famous frenzy of the divinely possessed devotees of the Great Mother.     >>

[Chapter 12] Well, upon invading his native land with all this pomp and circumstance after a long absence, Alexander was a man of mark and note, affecting as he did to have occasional fits of madness and causing his mouth to fill with foam. This he easily managed by chewing the root of soapwort, the plant that dyers use; but to his fellow - countrymen even the foam seemed supernatural and awe - inspiring. ....

[Chapter 13] In the morning he ran out into the market - place naked, wearing a loin - cloth (this too was gilded) carrying his falchion, and tossing his unconfined mane like a devotee of the Great Mother in the frenzy.

The con man Alexander made up a God designed to look real to the faithful. Back then religious people believed Gods, or the Gods' power, entered the believer and drove them wild. The Greeks called it ατη [at/e, "atay"]. Dionysus was famous for possessing his believers, so were Cybele, Magna Mater (the Great Mother), and other Gods from the middle east.

When Alexander wanted to show his connection with his made up God Glycon, he acted as if he was taken over by miraculous divine possession. A silly superstition ...

...until you see it's also our own.

Nowadays we follow the practice of the ancient first Christians, and call our own divine possession, "Filled with the Holy Spirit."

Nothing about Christianity was new or unique. Christianity was a product of its place and time.

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Foreign language skills

Early in his ministry, while in his God- possessed frenzy, Alexander spoke to the crowd in an unintelligible foreign language     >>

Uttering a few meaningless words like Hebrew or Phoenician, he [Alexander] dazed the creatures [people in the crowd] who did not know what he [page 195] was saying save only that he everywhere brought in Apollo and Asclepius.

And later Alexander set up his prophecy center so it looked like the God allowed him to answer believers' questions in barbarian languages he himself could not understand.     >>

Lucian explains how the trick was done     >>

Like the Pythia at Delphi, and like the Sibyls, Alexander also gave prophetic answers in gibberish that his attendants later translated.     >>

[Chapter 51] I may say too that he often gave oracles to barbarians, when anyone put a question in his native language, in Syrian or in Celtic; since he readily found strangers in the city who belonged to the same nation as his questioners. That is why the time between the presentation of the scrolls and the delivery of the oracle was long, so that in the interval the questions might be unsealed at leisure without risk and men might be found who would be able to translate them fully. Of this sort was the response given to the Scythian :

"Morphen eubargoulis eis skian chnechikrage leipsei phaos"

[page 243] [Chapter 53] Let me also tell you a few of the responses that were given to me. When I asked whether Alexander was bald, and sealed the question carefully and conspicuously, a "nocturnal" oracle was appended :

'' Sabardalachou malachaattealos en."

The con man Alexander made up a God designed to look real to the faithful. Back then religious people believed Gods had special superhuman powers, which they could share with their faithful. One of those powers was the ability to speak languages you yourself don't understand.

In our holy bible, Saint Paul says one of the gifts of the Holy Spirit is the ability to speak in tongues.

Nothing about Christianity was new or unique. Christianity was a product of its place and time.

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Alexander sang hymns, prayed, and asked for Gods' heavenly blessing.     >>

And brought out...a baby snake...

Which the crowd welcomed as an Earthly form of the God.     >>

[Chapter 14] Then he [Alexander] ran at full speed to the future temple, went to the excavation and the previously improvised fountain - head of the oracle, entered the water, sang hymns in honor of Asclepius and Apollo at the top of his voice, and besought the god, under the blessing of Heaven, to come to the city. Then he asked for a libation saucer, and when somebody handed him one, deftly slipped it underneath and brought up, along with water and mud, that egg in which he had immured the god; the joint about the plug had been closed with wax and white lead. Taking it in his hands, he asserted that at that moment he held Asclepius! They gazed unwaveringly to see what in the world was going to happen; indeed, they had already marveled at the discovery of the egg in the water. But when he broke it and received the tiny snake into his hollowed hand, and the crowd saw it moving and twisting about his fingers, they at once raised a shout, welcomed the god, congratulated their city, and began each of them to sate himself greedily with prayers, craving treasures, riches, health, and every other blessing from Him....And the whole population followed, all full of religious fervor and crazed with expectations.

Glycon spoke of God the Father as, "my Father."     >>

[Chapter 29] As he was aware that the priests at Clarus and Didymi and Mallus were themselves in high repute for the same sort of divination, he made them his friends by sending many of his visitors to them, saying :

"Now unto Clarus begone, to the voice of my Father to hearken."

The con man Alexander made up a God designed to look real to the faithful. Back then religious people prayed to their Gods. Back then people sang hymns to their Gods. Back then people believed Gods came to Earth in mortal form, as Sons of other Gods. And when they did, the on-Earth Gods called God the Father, "My Father."

Nothing about Christianity was new or unique. Christianity was a product of its place and time.

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Gods lived in heaven.

Gods, says Lucian, are from Heaven (επουρανιων).
The Paphlagonians seem to agree.     >>

Alexander asked for Gods' heavenly blessing.      >>

[Chapter 14] Then he [Alexander]...sang hymns in honor of Asclepius and Apollo at the top of his voice, and besought the god, under the blessing of Heaven, to come to the city.

[Chapter 38] ....let those who believe in the god perform the mysteries, under the blessing of Heaven."

The con man Alexander made up a God designed to look real to the faithful. Back then religious people believed Gods lived in heaven.

The root word is "ouranos," ουρανος, the same Greek word God uses in our bible to tell us where He and Jesus live. We translate it "heaven." It meant "sky," which is why Pagan Gods, and Jesus, are all the time coming down and going up.

When Alexander made up the God Glycon, he put Him in the cosmos as the ancients understood it. In heaven, in the sky.

Nothing about Christianity was new or unique. Christianity was a product of its place and time

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Hades

Epicurus was a famous Greek philosopher whose followers were critical of all religion, including the one Alexander made up about Glycon. Alexander made this divine observation about Epicurus in Hades.     >>

[page 209] [Chapter 25] About Epicurus, moreover, he delivered himself of an oracle after this sort ; when someone asked him how Epicurus was doing in Hades, he replied :

"With leaden fetters on his feet in filthy mire he sitteth."

The con man Alexander made up a God designed to look real to the faithful. Back then religious people believed that after death they would live on forever in the place of the dead—Hades.

Nothing about Christianity was new or unique. Christianity was a product of its place and time and place.

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Divine Births

We've already seen that Glycon got his divinity by being the Earthly manifestation of Asclepius, who got his divinity by being the son of the God Apollo  >>

.. very soon Asclepius, with his father Apollo, would move to Pontus and take up his residence at Abnoteichus.

And Alexander was a divine descendent of the God Perseus   >>

Alexander ...carried a falchion like that of Perseus, from whom he claimed descent on his mother's side. And although those miserable Paphlagonians knew that both his parents were obscure, humble folk, they believed the oracle when it said :

"Here in your sight is a scion of Perseus, dear unto Phoebus ;
This is divine Alexander, who shareth the blood of the Healer!"

And even Alexander's daughter was born divine—her mother was the goddess Selene.     >>

And     >>

[Ch34] When one time he [Rutilianus] enquired about getting married, Alexander said explicitly :
"Take Alexander's daughter to wife, who was born of Selene."

He had long before given out a story to the effect that his daughter was by Selene; for Selene had fallen in love with him on seeing him asleep once upon a time-it is a habit of hers, you know to, adore handsome lads in their sleep!

The con man Alexander made up a God designed to look real to the faithful. Back then religious people believed divinity was a property, something that could be acquired or inherited. People who had Gods as parents inherited divinity.

In the Glycon myths, Glycon inherited divinity from Apollo.
Alexander inherited divinity from the God Perseus.
Alexander's daughter inherited divinity from the Goddess Selene.

Nothing about Christianity was new or unique. Christianity was a product of its place and time and place.

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Alexander, or at least Lucian, recorded this question and answer dialogue in which Alexander explained his theology.     >>

[Chapter 43] ! I want to include in my tale a dialogue between Glycon and one Sacerdos, a man of Tius, whose intelligence you will be able to appraise from his questions. I read the conversation in an inscription in letters of gold, at Tius, in the house of Sacerdos.
"Tell me, Master Glycon," said he, "who are you?"
"I am the latter-day Asclepius," he replied.
"A different person from the one of former times? What do you mean? "
"It is not permitted you to hear that."
"How many years will you tarry among us delivering oracles?"
"One thousand and three."
''Then where shall you go? "
"To Bactra and that region, for the barbarians too must profit by my presence among [page 231] men!"
"What of the other prophetic shrines, the one in Didymi, the one in Clarus, and the one in Delphi-do they still have your father Apollo as the source of their oracles, or are the predictions now given out there false?"
"This too you must not wish to know ; it is not permitted."
" What about myself-what shall I be after my present life ? "
"A camel, then a horse, then a wise man and prophet just as great as Alexander."

That was Glycon's conversation with Sacerdos.

The con man Alexander made up a God designed to look real to the faithful. Back then religious people believed religious figures imparted wisdom in discussions with believers and unbelievers.

The story of Alexander's Glycon religion (at least when Lucian recorded it), includes just such a teaching moment.

Nothing about Christianity was new or unique. Christianity was a product of its place and time and place.

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Mysteries

The mysteries of Glycon.

[Chapter 38]
He established a celebration of mysteries, with torchlight ceremonies and priestly offices, which was to be held annually, for three days in succession, in perpetuity. On the first day, as at Athens: there was a proclamation, worded as follows : "If any atheist or Christian or Epicurean has come to spy upon the rites, let him be off, and let those who believe in the god perform the mysteries, under the blessing of Heaven." Then, at the very outset, there was an "expulsion," in which he took the lead, saying : "Out with the Christians," and the whole multitude chanted in response, "Out with the Epicureans!" Then there was the child-bed of Leto, the birth of Apollo, his marriage to Coronis, and the birth of Asclepius. On the second day came the manifestation of Glycon, including the birth of the god.

Some ancient Gods had mysteries. Some didn't.

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Copycat vs product of His place and time
Glycon wasn't a myth by myth knock of of any earlier God. Glycon was new God. Alexander invented a new God. Think about that. Alexander invented a new GOD. People knew what a God was. People knew what origins and powers and abilities Gods had. So when flim flam Alexander invented Glycon, he put in exactly the origins and powers and abilities ancient people knew Gods had. Prophesies made and fulfilled. Divine birth. God-sent dreams. Heaven. Hell. Miracles: healing the sick, raising the dead. Back then, when people invented new Gods, these are the things they included.

Is Jesus a copy of Glycon? No, He isn't. Jesus is not a knock of Glycon. Jesus is not a knock off of any one Pagan God. Jesus is a knock off of every Pagan God. Like everyone else away back then, the first Christians knew what a God was. The first Christians knew what origins and powers and abilities Gods had. The first Christians knew what Gods were like, and they believed Jesus was one, so when they thought about Jesus and told each other about Jesus they naturally put in all the goodies that culture associated with Gods.

Jesus was a God; He must have made and fulfilled prophesies. Jesus was a God; He must have had a divine birth. Jesus was a God; His story must involve God-sent dreams. Jesus was a God; Gods come down and go up to heaven. Hell. Miracles. Healing the sick, raising the dead. On and on. Like the ancient God Glycon, the ancient God Jesus is a product of His time and place.

Jesus is not a snake!

Not everyone sees it this way. Here's a roundup of points nice people use to refute the idea that Jesus is related to Glycon.

Different Jesus is not a snake!	Aslan is not a 1st century Galilean peasant, but nobody I know has trouble seeing that Aslan is a knock off copy of Jesus. It's true. Jesus is not a snake. The criticism misses the point. Jesus is not a myth by myth—or a physical feature by physical feature—copy of any Pagan God. Christianity didn't borrow myth-facts, it borrowed / absorbed basic ancient cultural ideas, and used them to create it's own myth-facts. Also, before you make up your mind about what the differences business, read Difference Proves No Borrowing Rule.
First Jesus 1st century AD Glycon 2d century AD Glycon borrowed from Christianity!	It takes folks about six seconds to figure this out. It's true. There was no Glycon yet. This is more of the myth-facts vs cultural ideas borrowing business. POCM's point is not that Christianity borrowed specific elements of they Glycon myth. It didn't. POCM's point is, Lucian's account of Glycon gives a good picture of what invented Gods looked like in ancient Greco-Roman culture. Consistency Jesus was first, Glycon copied is a problem for apologists, on account of it works only after you admit that differences don't matter, any sort of similarity will do. It also admits that six seconds of reflection about first-ousness and similarity is all it takes to prove borrowing. Trouble is, Glycon ain't the only Pagan god built on these ideas—lots of Pagan Gods were, including lots who were older than Jesus by generations.
Fake / Real Glycon is fake. Jesus is real.	Yes, Glycon is fake. Is Jesus really real? Comprehensive The handy thing about this refutation is, it gives the answer apologists are after. The bad thing is, it fails to explain the facts. OK, Jesus is real. Now, how come are Jesus and Glycon — and Osiris and Dionysus and Hercules, etc. are all so similar?

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Knowing about Glycon does not make you smart or good. Not knowing about Glycon does not make you dumb or bad.

If only it were that easy.

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Lucian, Volume IV
Loeb Classical Library No. 162
by Lucian
translator A.M. Harmon

What you'll find:

	Essays written by Lucian of Samosata (c. 120 - 190 AD.) Think of Lucian as an ancient Mark Twain—a quick witted religious skeptic who could write amazing stuff that's still fun to read.
	Greek original on the left page, English translation on the right.
	Loeb's Volume 4 included several essays relevant to ancient religion. Menippus, or the Descent into Hades On Funerals Alexander the False Prophet, a first hand account of the invention of the Pagan God, Glycon. The Syrian Goddess (originally written in archaic Greek, and sadly translated into phony archaic English. Unintelligible.)